Staffing and Antipsychotic Medication Use in Nursing Homes and Neighborhood Deprivation.

Importance: Inappropriate use of antipsychotic medications in nursing homes is a growing public health concern. Residents exposed to higher levels of socioeconomic deprivation in the area around a nursing home may be currently exposed, or have a long history of exposure, to more noise pollution, higher crime rates, and have less opportunities to safely go outside the facility, which may contribute to psychological stress and increased risk of receiving antipsychotic medications inappropriately. However, it is unclear whether neighborhood deprivation is associated with use of inappropriate antipsychotic medications and whether this outcome is different by facility staffing levels. Objective: To evaluate whether reported inappropriate antipsychotic medication use differs in severely and less severely deprived neighborhoods, and whether these differences are modified by higher levels of total nurse staffing. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a cross-sectional analysis of a national sample of nursing homes that linked across 3 national large-scale data sets for the year 2019. Analyses were conducted between April and June 2023. Exposure: Neighborhood deprivation status (severe vs less severe) and total staffing hours (registered nurse, licensed practical nurse, certified nursing assistant). Main Outcome and Measures: This study estimated the association between neighborhood deprivation and the percentage of long-stay residents who received an antipsychotic medication inappropriately in the nursing home at least once in the past week and how this varied by nursing home staffing through generalized estimating equations. Analyses were conducted on the facility level and adjusted for state fixed effects. Results: This study included 10 966 nursing homes (1867 [17.0%] in severely deprived neighborhoods and 9099 [83.0%] in less deprived neighborhoods). Unadjusted inappropriate antipsychotic medication use was greater in nursing homes located in severely deprived neighborhoods (mean [SD], 15.9% [10.7%] of residents) than in those in less deprived neighborhoods (mean [SD], 14.2% [8.8%] of residents). In adjusted models, inappropriate antipsychotic medication use was higher in severely deprived neighborhoods vs less deprived neighborhoods (19.2% vs 17.1%; adjusted mean difference, 2.0 [95% CI, 0.35 to 3.71] percentage points) in nursing homes that fell below critical levels of staffing (less than 3 hours of nurse staffing per resident-day). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that levels of staffing modify disparities seen in inappropriate antipsychotic medication use among nursing homes located in severely deprived neighborhoods compared with nursing homes in less deprived neighborhoods. These findings may have important implications for improving staffing in more severely deprived neighborhoods.

Association between area-level walkability and glycated haemoglobin: a Portuguese population-based study.

Diabetes poses a substantial disease burden, prompting preventive interventions. Physical inactivity, a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, can potentially be mitigated by enhancing area-level walkability. Despite this, limited population-based studies have investigated the link between walkability and objective diabetes measures. Our study aims to estimate the association between area-level walkability and individual glycated haemoglobin levels in the Portuguese adult population without the diagnosis of diabetes. Data from the 2011 census and an updated street map were obtained to construct a walkability index based on residential density, land-use mix, and street connectivity. Individual health data were sourced from The National Health Examination Survey (INSEF) 2015, a representative survey of the Portuguese adult population. Gamma regression was employed for estimation of the main associations, revealing that residing in moderately walkable areas significantly reduced average glycated haemoglobin levels (Exp(ß) = 0.906; 95% CI: 0.821, 0.999) compared to the least walkable areas. The association was less pronounced and not statistically significant for the third tertile of walkability (Exp(ß) = 0.919; 95% CI: 0.822, 1.028). Our findings highlight a nonlinear protective association between walkability and glycated haemoglobin, emphasizing the potential policy implications for urban planning, diabetes prevention, and health promotion.

Gentrification Yields Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Exposure To Contextual Determinants Of Health.

This article examines racial and ethnic disparities in the relationship between gentrification and exposure to contextual determinants of health. In our study, we focused on changes in selected contextual determinants of health (health care access, social deprivation, air pollution, and walkability) and life expectancy during the period 2006-21 among residents of gentrifying census tracts in six large US cities that have experienced different gentrification patterns and have different levels of segregation: Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; New York, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; San Francisco, California; and Seattle, Washington. We found that gentrification was associated with overall improvements in the likelihood of living in Medically Underserved Areas across racial and ethnic groups, but it was also associated with increased social deprivation and reduced life expectancy among Black people, Hispanic people, and people of another or undetermined race or ethnicity. In contrast, we found that gentrification was related to better (or unchanged) contextual determinants of health for Asian people and White people. Our findings can inform policies that target communities identified to be particularly at risk for worsening contextual determinants of health as a result of gentrification.

Adult Children of the Prison Boom: Family Troubles and the Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact.

Intergenerational transmission processes have long been of interest to demographers, but prior research on the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact is relatively sparse and limited by its lack of attention to the correlated "family troubles" and familial incarceration that predate criminal justice contact. In this article, we provide a test of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact after adjusting extensively for these factors that predate such contact by linking longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods with official arrest histories from 1995 to 2020. The results provide support for three conclusions. First, parental criminal justice contact is associated with a shorter time to first arrest and a larger number of arrests even after rigorously accounting for selection. Second, robustness checks demonstrate that neither the magnitude nor the significance of the findings is sensitive to model choices. Third, associations are strongest among White individuals and inconsistently significant for African American and Hispanic individuals. Despite large recent crime declines, the results indicate that parental criminal justice contact elevates the criminal justice contact of the adult children of the prison boom, independent of the often-overlooked troubles that predate criminal justice contact, and that these associations are strongest among the White population.

Community exposure to armed conflict and subsequent onset of alcohol use disorder.

AIMS: To measure the independent consequences of community-level armed conflict beatings on alcohol use disorders (AUD) among males in Nepal during and after the 2000-2006 conflict. DESIGN: A population-representative panel study from Nepal, with precise measures of community-level violent events and subsequent individual-level AUD in males. Females were not included because of low AUD prevalence. SETTING: Chitwan, Nepal. PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand eight hundred seventy-six males from 151 neighborhoods, systematically selected and representative of Western Chitwan. All residents aged 15-59 were eligible (response rate 93%). MEASUREMENTS: Measures of beatings in the community during the conflict (2000-2006), including the date and distance away, were gathered through neighborhood reports, geo-location and official resources, then linked to respondents' life histories of AUD (collected in 2016-2018) using the Nepal-specific Composite International Diagnostic Interview with life history calendar. Beatings nearby predict the subsequent onset of AUD during and after the armed conflict. Data were analyzed in 2021-2022. FINDINGS: Cohort-specific, discrete-time models revealed that within the youngest cohort (born 1992-2001), those living in neighborhoods where armed conflict beatings occurred were more likely to develop AUD compared with those in other neighborhoods (odds ratio = 1.66; 95% confidence interval = 1.02-2.71). In this cohort, a multilevel matching analysis designed to simulate a randomized trial showed the post-conflict incidence of AUD for those living in neighborhoods with any armed conflict beatings was 9.5% compared with 5.3% in the matched sample with no beatings. CONCLUSIONS: Among male children living in Chitwan, Nepal during the 2000-2006 armed conflict, living in a neighborhood where armed conflict beatings occurred is associated with increased odds of developing subsequent alcohol use disorder. This association was independent of personal exposure to beatings and other mental disorders.

Human mobility networks reveal increased segregation in large cities.

A long-standing expectation is that large, dense and cosmopolitan areas support socioeconomic mixing and exposure among diverse individuals1-6. Assessing this hypothesis has been difficult because previous measures of socioeconomic mixing have relied on static residential housing data rather than real-life exposures among people at work, in places of leisure and in home neighbourhoods7,8. Here we develop a measure of exposure segregation that captures the socioeconomic diversity of these everyday encounters. Using mobile phone mobility data to represent 1.6 billion real-world exposures among 9.6 million people in the United States, we measure exposure segregation across 382 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and 2,829 counties. We find that exposure segregation is 67% higher in the ten largest MSAs than in small MSAs with fewer than 100,000 residents. This means that, contrary to expectations, residents of large cosmopolitan areas have less exposure to a socioeconomically diverse range of individuals. Second, we find that the increased socioeconomic segregation in large cities arises because they offer a greater choice of differentiated spaces targeted to specific socioeconomic groups. Third, we find that this segregation-increasing effect is countered when a city's hubs (such as shopping centres) are positioned to bridge diverse neighbourhoods and therefore attract people of all socioeconomic statuses. Our findings challenge a long-standing conjecture in human geography and highlight how urban design can both prevent and facilitate encounters among diverse individuals.

Examining neighbourhood-level disparities in Black, Latina/o, Asian, and White physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, and social disadvantage in California.

Racial/ethnic minority individuals in the U.S. experience numerous health disparities versus Whites, often due to differences in social determinants. Yet, limited large-scale research has examined these differences at the neighbourhood level. We merged 2021 PLACES Project and 2020 American Community Survey data across 3,211 census tracts (neighbourhoods) defined as majority (>50%) Black, Latina/o, Asian or White. T-tests and hierarchical linear regressions were used to examine differences and associations between neighbourhoods on key health (general health, mental health, obesity, diabetes, cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke), and social outcomes (income, unemployment, age, population density). Results indicated that minority neighbourhoods in California exhibited stark health and social disparities versus White neighbourhoods, displaying worse outcomes on nearly every social and health variable/condition examined; particularly for Black and Latina/o neighbourhoods. Moreover, regression findings revealed that, after considering income, unemployment, and population density, (1) fair/poor mental health and higher percentages of Black, Latina/o and Asian residents in neighbourhoods independently associated with greater neighbourhood fair/poor physical health, and (2) fair/poor mental health significantly associated with greater prevalence of obesity and COPD. This study thus underscores the need to address the profound health and social disparities experienced by minority neighbourhoods for more equitable neighbourhoods.

Racial/ethnic differences in receipt of naloxone distributed by opioid overdose prevention programs in New York City.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated racial/ethnic differences in the receipt of naloxone distributed by opioid overdose prevention programs (OOPPs) in New York City (NYC). METHODS: We used naloxone recipient racial/ethnic data collected by OOPPs from April 2018 to March 2019. We aggregated quarterly neighborhood-specific rates of naloxone receipt and other covariates to 42 NYC neighborhoods. We used a multilevel negative binomial regression model to assess the relationship between neighborhood-specific naloxone receipt rates and race/ethnicity. Race/ethnicity was stratified into four mutually exclusive groups: Latino, non-Latino Black, non-Latino White, and non-Latino Other. We also conducted racial/ethnic-specific geospatial analyses to assess whether there was within-group geographic variation in naloxone receipt rates for each racial/ethnic group. RESULTS: Non-Latino Black residents had the highest median quarterly naloxone receipt rate of 41.8 per 100,000 residents, followed by Latino residents (22.0 per 100,000), non-Latino White (13.6 per 100,000) and non-Latino Other residents (13.3 per 100,000). In our multivariable analysis, compared with non-Latino White residents, non-Latino Black residents had a significantly higher receipt rate, and non-Latino Other residents had a significantly lower receipt rate. In the geospatial analyses, both Latino and non-Latino Black residents had the most within-group geographic variation in naloxone receipt rates compared to non-Latino White and Other residents. CONCLUSIONS: This study found significant racial/ethnic differences in naloxone receipt from NYC OOPPs. We observed substantial variation in naloxone receipt for non-Latino Black and Latino residents across neighborhoods, indicating relatively poorer access in some neighborhoods and opportunities for new approaches to address geographic and structural barriers in these locations.

Predicting the drop out from the maternal, newborn and child healthcare continuum in three East African Community countries: application of machine learning models.

BACKGROUND: For optimal health, the maternal, newborn, and child healthcare (MNCH) continuum necessitates that the mother/child receive the full package of antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care. In sub-Saharan Africa, dropping out from the MNCH continuum remains a challenge. Using machine learning, the study sought to forecast the MNCH continuum drop out and determine important predictors in three East African Community (EAC) countries. METHODS: The study utilised Demographic Health Surveys data from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (2013/14), Kenya (2014) and Tanzania (2015/16). STATA 17 was used to perform the multivariate logistic regression. Python 3.0 was used to build five machine learning classification models namely the Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Network. Performance of the models was assessed using Accuracy, Precision, Recall, Specificity, F1 score and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC). RESULTS: The prevalence of the drop out from the MNCH continuum was 91.0% in the DRC, 72.4% in Kenya and 93.6% in Tanzania. Living in the rural areas significantly increased the odds of dropping out from the MNCH continuum in the DRC (AOR:1.76;95%CI:1.30-2.38), Kenya (AOR:1.23;95%CI:1.03-1.47) and Tanzania (AOR:1.41;95%CI:1.01-1.97). Lower maternal education also conferred a significant increase in the DRC (AOR:2.16;95%CI:1.67-2.79), Kenya (AOR:1.56;95%CI:1.30-1.84) and Tanzania (AOR:1.70;95%CI:1.24-2.34). Non exposure to mass media also conferred a significant positive influence in the DRC (AOR:1.49;95%CI:1.15-1.95), Kenya (AOR:1.46;95%CI:1.19-1.80) and Tanzania (AOR:1.65;95%CI:1.13-2.40). The Random Forest exhibited superior predictive accuracy (Accuracy = 75.7%, Precision = 79.1%, Recall = 92.1%, Specificity = 51.6%, F1 score = 85.1%, AUROC = 70%). The top four predictors with the greatest influence were household wealth, place of residence, maternal education and exposure to mass media. CONCLUSIONS: The MNCH continuum dropout rate is very high in the EAC countries. Maternal education, place of residence, and mass media exposure were common contributing factors to the drop out from MNCH continuum. The Random Forest had the highest predictive accuracy. Household wealth, place of residence, maternal education and exposure to mass media were ranked among the top four features with significant influence. The findings of this study can be used to support evidence-based decisions in MNCH interventions and to develop web-based services to improve continuity of care retention.

Environmental and Mobility Strategies During Early COVID-19: Insights From an Empirical Study Focusing on Park Visitations in El Paso, TX.

OBJECTIVES: We explored the importance of environmental and mobility strategies during early COVID-19 by age and ethnicity and investigated predictors of park visitations considering the COVID-19 impacts. BACKGROUND: Parks are safe and accessible venues to stay active and reduce social isolation, which is especially important considering COVID-19 and the associated lockdowns. METHODS: We analyzed online survey data from 683 residents (collected July 2020) of El Paso, TX, and objective measures of neighborhood park characteristics. Chi-square tests and mixed-effects logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the environmental/mobility strategies, personal and environmental factors, and park visitations, considering the COVID-19 impacts. RESULTS: The percentage of those who visited (1+ times/week) parks or trails/paths in the neighborhood dropped from 41.7% to 19.5% since the start of COVID-19 (OR = 0.015, p < .001). Before COVID-19, middle-aged and older adults were less likely to visit parks than younger adults, while this difference became insignificant during early COVID-19. Hispanic adults were more likely to visit parks than non-Hispanics both before and during early COVID-19. Positive environmental predictors of park visitations included park availability in the neighborhood, proximity to the closest park, seeing people being physically active in the neighborhood, and neighborhood aesthetics. CONCLUSIONS: Proximately located parks, trails, and paths well integrated into residential communities, and high aesthetic quality of the neighborhood are the potential features of pandemic-resilient communities and should be considered an important national priority to maintain and promote the health and well-being of the population, especially during pandemics like COVID-19.

Elementary disruptions? Exploring residential move type, timing, and duration of implications during middle childhood.

Moving is common during middle childhood, but links between move type and children's development are less well understood. Using nationally-representative, longitudinal data (2010-2016) of ~9900 U.S. kindergarteners (52% boys, 51.48% White, 26.11% Hispanic/Latino, 10.63% Black, 11.78% Asian/Pacific Islander), we conducted multiple-group fixed-effects models estimating associations of within- and between-neighborhood moves, family income, and children's achievement and executive function, testing whether associations persisted or varied by developmental timing. Analyses suggest important spatial and temporal dimensions of moving during middle childhood: between-neighborhood moves had stronger associations than within-neighborhood moves, earlier moves benefited development whereas later moves did not, and associations persisted with significant effect sizes (cumulative Hedges' g = -0.09-1.35). Research and policy implications are discussed.

Diverging trajectories of neighborhood disadvantage by race and birth cohort from childhood through young adulthood.

Prior research has established the greater exposure of African Americans from all income groups to disadvantaged environments compared to whites, but the traditional focus in studies of neighborhood stratification obscures heterogeneity within racial/ethnic groups in residential attainment over time. Also obscured are the moderating influences of broader social changes on the life-course and the experiences of Latinos, a large and growing presence in American cities. We address these issues by examining group-based trajectory models of residential neighborhood disadvantage among white, Black, and Latino individuals in a multi-cohort longitudinal research design of over 1,000 children from Chicago as they transitioned to adulthood over the last quarter century. We find considerable temporal consistency among white individuals compared to dynamic heterogeneity among nonwhite individuals in exposure to residential disadvantage, especially Black individuals and those born in the 1980s compared to the 1990s. Racial and cohort differences are not accounted for by early-life characteristics that predict long-term attainment. Inequalities by race in trajectories of neighborhood disadvantage are thus at once more stable and more dynamic than previous research suggests, and they are modified by broader social changes. These findings offer insights on the changing pathways by which neighborhood racial inequality is produced.

Generating data to facilitate more equitable distribution of health resources: an illustration of how local health surveys can identify probable need in mixed socio-economic regions.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to (1) encourage allocation of governmental and grant funds to the administration of local area health surveys and (2) illustrate the predictive impact of socio-economic resources on adult health status at the local area level to provide an example of how health surveys can identify residents with the greatest health needs. STUDY DESIGN: Randomly sampled and weight-adjusted regional household health survey (7501 respondents) analyzed with categorical bivariate and multivariate statistics, combined with Census data. Survey sample consists of the lowest, highest, and near highest ranked counties in the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps for Pennsylvania. METHODS: Socio-economic status (SES) is measured regionally with Census data consisting of seven indicators and individually with Health Survey data consisting of five indicators based on poverty level, overall household income, and education. Both of these composite measures are examined jointly for their predictive effects on a validated health status measure using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Once county-level measures of SES and health status are broken down into smaller areas, better identification of pockets of health need is possible. This was most strongly revealed in an urban county, Philadelphia, which is ranked lowest of 67 counties on health measures in the state of Pennsylvania, yet when broken down into 'neighborhood clusters' contained both the highest- and lowest-ranked local area in a five-county region. Overall, regardless of the SES level of the County subdivision one lives in, a low-SES adult has close to six times greater odds of reporting 'fair or poor health status' than does a high-SES adult. CONCLUSION: Local health survey analysis can lead to a more precise identification of health needs than surveys attempting to cover broad areas. Low-SES communities within counties, and low-SES individuals, regardless of the community they live in, are substantially more likely to experience fair to poor health. This adds urgency to the need to implement and investigate socio-economic interventions, which can hopefully improve health and save healthcare costs. Novel local area research can identify the impact of intervening variables such as race in addition to SES to add more specificity in identifying populations with the greatest health needs.

Barriers, Facilitators, and Sustainers in Tai Ji Quan Practice: A Mixed-Methods RE-AIM Assessment of College Students Versus the General Population.

BACKGROUND: Tai Ji Quan (TJQ) has broad appeal to people of all ages and backgrounds. This study aimed to examine a variety of individual and environmental factors in the dissemination of TJQ to diverse practicing communities in China. METHODS: A mixed-methods approach was utilized in the research design. Quantitative data were collected via an online survey using a national sample (N = 737), whereas qualitative data came from focus groups and in-depth interviews. Analysis was performed along the RE-AIM dimensions of reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. RESULTS: We divided TJQ experience into 4 distinct categories (nonlearners, current learners, quitters, and retainers) and observed significant patterns of variation along lines of occupation groups and age cohorts. A significant male/female difference was detected in TJQ experience among college students but not the general public, and having practicing family members was an important predictor of personal TJQ history. Varied TJQ experience has a significant impact on perceptions of TJQ's miscellaneous values as well as level of satisfaction with its health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Both individual (personal) and environmental (settings) factors are important in shaping personal decisions in TJQ engagement. An ecological approach coordinating individual factors and settings resources is essential in promoting TJQ to the general population.

Neighborhood and racial influences on triple negative breast cancer: evidence from Northeast Ohio.

PURPOSE: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) with higher recurrence rates and poorer prognoses and most prevalent among non-Hispanic Black women. Studies of multiple health conditions and care processes suggest that neighborhood socioeconomic position is a key driver of health disparities. We examined roles of patients' neighborhood-level characteristics and race on prevalence, stage at diagnosis, and mortality among patients diagnosed with BC at a large safety-net healthcare system in Northeast Ohio. METHODS: We used tumor registry to identify BC cases from 2007 to 2020 and electronic health records and American Community Survey for individual- and area-level factors. We performed multivariable regression analyses to estimate associations between neighborhood-level characteristics, measured by the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), race and comparative TNBC prevalence, stage at diagnosis, and total mortality. RESULTS: TNBC was more common among non-Hispanic Black (53.7%) vs. non-Hispanic white patients (46.4%). Race and ADI were individually significant predictors of TNBC prevalence, stage at diagnosis, and total mortality. Race remained significantly associated with TNBC subtype, adjusting for covariates. Accounting for TNBC status, a more disadvantaged neighborhood was significantly associated with a worse stage at diagnosis and higher death rates. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that both neighborhood socioeconomic position and race are strongly associated with TNBC vs. other BC subtypes. The burden of TNBC appears to be highest among Black women in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Our study suggests a complex interplay of social conditions and biological disease characteristics contributing to racial disparities in BC outcomes.

Perceived Neighborhood Racial Composition and Depressive Symptoms Among Black Americans Across Adulthood: Evaluating the Role of Psychosocial Risks and Resources.

Objectives: To evaluate the relationships between perceived neighborhood racial composition (PNRC), psychosocial risks and resources, and depressive symptoms among young (ages 22-35), middle-aged (ages 36-49), and older (ages 50+) Black Americans. Methods: Full sample and age-stratified linear regression models estimated the PNRC-depressive symptoms association and the extent to which it persisted after accounting for psychosocial risks (i.e., neighborhood disorder, other social stressors) and resources (i.e., mastery, social support, racial identity) among 627 Black Americans in the Nashville Stress and Health Study. Results: Living in racially integrated and predominately White neighborhoods was associated with elevated depressive symptoms. While psychosocial risks and resources explained a substantial portion of these associations, patterns varied across age groups. Discussion: PNRC impacts depressive symptoms among Black Americans by shaping psychosocial risks and resources. Findings underscore interconnections between contextual and psychosocial factors, as well as the distinct mental health significance of these processes across stages of adulthood.

Remapping racial and ethnic inequities in severe maternal morbidity: The legacy of redlining in California.

BACKGROUND: Historical mortgage redlining, a racially discriminatory policy designed to uphold structural racism, may have played a role in producing the persistently elevated rate of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) among racialised birthing people. OBJECTIVE: This study examined associations between Home-Owner Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining grades and SMM in a racially and ethnically diverse birth cohort in California. METHODS: We leveraged a population-based cohort of all live hospital births at ≥20 weeks of gestation between 1997 and 2017 in California. SMM was defined as having one of 21 procedures and diagnoses, per an index developed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We characterised census tract-level redlining using HOLC's security maps for eight California cities. We assessed bivariate associations between HOLC grades and participant characteristics. Race and ethnicity-stratified mixed effects logistic regression models assessed the risk of SMM associated with HOLC grades within non-Hispanic Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native and Hispanic groups, adjusting for sociodemographic information, pregnancy-related factors, co-morbidities and neighbourhood deprivation index. RESULTS: The study sample included 2,020,194 births, with 24,579 cases of SMM (1.2%). Living in a census tract that was graded as "Hazardous," compared to census tracts graded "Best" and "Still Desirable," was associated with 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03, 1.29) and 1.17 (95% CI 1.09, 1.25) times the risk of SMM among Black and Hispanic birthing people, respectively, independent of sociodemographic factors. These associations persisted after adjusting for pregnancy-related factors and neighbourhood deprivation index. CONCLUSIONS: Historical redlining, a tool of structural racism that influenced the trajectory of neighbourhood social and material conditions, is associated with increased risk of experiencing SMM among Black and Hispanic birthing people in California. These findings demonstrate that addressing the enduring impact of macro-level and systemic mechanisms that uphold structural racism is a vital step in achieving racial and ethnic equity in birthing people's health.

Spatial distribution of leprosy in municipalities of the state of Goiás in the year 2020

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by an acid-resistant bacillus called Mycobacterium leprae and the disease is characterized by its slow multiplication, with an excessively long incubation period. The objective of the research was to evaluate the spatial distribution of leprosy cases among the municipalities of the State of Goiás in 2020. This is a descriptive study and the data collection took place from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) in November, 2021 and it considered the diagnosis´ year and the patient's municipality of residence. The following indicators were adopted in the analysis: a) annual prevalence rate per 10,000 inhabitants; b) annual rate of new cases detection in the general population; and c) annual rate of new cases detection in individuals under 15 years of age, these last two per 100,000 inhabitants. The analysis of the spatial occurrence pattern of leprosy in Goiás State municipalities was carried out in the free software Terraview version 4.2.2. A higher prevalence of distribution of the gross rate of the disease was observed in the Central-North and Central-West macro-regions, with a concentration of cases also in the Northeast region of the State. From the 246 Goiás municipalities, 68.7% (n = 169) had cases of leprosy, 18.3% (n = 45) were in a situation of hyperendemia and 23.2% (n = 57) had a very high detection coefficient. Considering the rate of detection in those people under 15 years of age, only 11 municipalities (4.5%) were in a situation of hyperendemia and 1.2% (n = 3) had a very high detection coefficient (5.00 to 9.99/ 10.000 inhabitants). The current investigation indicates the maintenance of leprosy hyperendemic areas in the State of Goiás, when compared to previous studies. This finding highlights the importance of readjustment of leprosy management and assistance in municipalities at greater risk of leprosy hyperendemicity in order to interrupt the M. leprae transmission chain.

Características actuales de la población pediátrica asistida en un centro de salud del primer nivel de atención en 2020-2021: Montevideo, Uruguay / Characteristics of the pediatric population assisted at primary care level in Montevideo, Uruguay / Características da população pediátrica assistida no nível de atenção primária em Montevidéu, Uruguai

Introducción: alrededor del 30% de las enfermedades infantiles responden a factores sociofamiliares y ambientales, asociados a condiciones de vida, dinámica familiar y exposición a sustancias tóxicas. Conocer las características de la población pediátrica que asiste este centro de salud nos ayudará a identificar factores que pueden estar influyendo en su salud. Objetivos: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la población menor de 15 años que recibió asistencia en el Centro de Salud Badano Repetto en el período 2020-2021. Conocer diferentes variables que pueden influir en la salud de esta población Identificar asociación de variables familiares y socioculturales con el desarrollo en las diferentes edades. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, corte transversal. Se incluyó una muestra por conveniencia del 15% del total de los niños y adolescentes menores de 15 años asistidos en el centro de salud desde 1/10/2020 hasta 31/3/2021. Variables estudiadas: del niño: sexo, edad, antecedentes perinatales, crecimiento y desarrollo, controles en salud, inmunizaciones, escolarización, actividades extracurriculares. De los padres: edad, nivel educativo, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, antecedentes patológicos, empleo, privación de libertad. Familia y vivienda: estado civil de los padres, antecedentes de violencia doméstica, convivientes, características de la vivienda, servicios básicos, transferencias directas de ayuda, intervención de equipos de territorio. Fuente de datos: historias clínicas y vía telefónica. Registro en planilla prediseñada. Los resultados se expresan en frecuencias absolutas, relativas y medidas de tendencia central con su rango. Se utilizó test de Chi cuadrado o exacto de Fisher. Nivel de significación: 0,05. Programa Epi Info™ versión 7.2. Consentimiento informado telefónico a padres y asentimiento a adolescentes. Aprobado por el Comité de Ética del CHPR. Resultados: consultaron 2.826 menores de 15 años, se incluyeron 426 (15%), pero solo 263 (62%) fueron analizados, dado que 163 (38%) no pudieron ser contactados telefónicamente. El 52% eran de sexo femenino. Media de edad: 4 años (5 días-14 años), 69% ≤5 años. 83% de los pacientes tenían adecuados controles de salud y 91% estaban al día con sus inmunizaciones. 12% tenían sobrepeso/obesidad. El desarrollo neurológico fue adecuado en 93% en los menores de 5 años y en 56% de los mayores de 5 años de edad. En el caso de aquellos con trastornos del neurodesarrollo mayores de 5 años, 46% tenían trastornos del aprendizaje, 39% trastorno de conducta, 32% trastornos del lenguaje, 10% déficit intelectual. 56% estaba escolarizado, todos en escuelas públicas. En el caso de aquellos que no asistían a la escuela, 4 estaban en edad de asistencia obligatoria (6, 7, 9 y 10 años de edad). 20% de los niños/adolescentes había repetido por lo menos un año en escuela o liceo. Datos perinatales: 14% de las madres consumieron drogas; las más frecuentes fueron tabaco y pasta base de cocaína (PBC). 85% fueron recién nacidos de término, 10% presentaron depresión neonatal. 15% de niños/ adolescentes estuvo expuesto a violencia doméstica y 32% de ellos (12/38) tenía por lo menos un padre con uso de drogas psicoactivas en el domicilio. 21% de los niños/adolescentes expuestos a violencia doméstica tenía una dificultad de aprendizaje. 8% de estos pacientes tenía por lo menos un padre que no había terminado educación primaria y 28% que no había terminado ciclo básico. Se encontró una relación significativa entre uso de drogas psicoactivas, declarada por uno o ambos padres, y violencia doméstica. No se encontró una relación significativa entre alteración del neurodesarrollo y violencia doméstica. Conclusiones: estos hallazgos muestran una población social y económicamente vulnerable, padres con baja escolaridad, uso de pasta base de cocaína durante el embarazo en un porcentaje mayor al reportado nacionalmente, y 15% de niños/adolescentes expuestos a violencia doméstica, pero con un buen número de controles de salud. La mayor fortaleza encontrada por este estudio es la importancia de mantener una buena conexión con estas familias, que mostraron un alto nivel de compromiso con el centro de salud. Esto nos desafía a priorizar la prevención y promoción en salud como herramientas valiosas para adquirir salud de calidad para estos niños/adolescentes. Nuevos estudios, con otras metodologías, serán necesarios para analizar estas variables encontradas.

Introduction: around 30% of childhood diseases are caused by social, environmental and family issues, as well as by life conditions, family dynamics and exposure to toxic substances. Understanding the characteristics of the pediatric population assisted at this Health Center, will help us identify health-threatening factors. Objectives: Describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the population under 15 years of age assisted at Badano Repetto Health Center between 2020 and 2021. Understand the different variables that could influence this population´s health. Identify the link between family, social and cultural variables and neurological development at different ages. Methodology: descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study. Convenience sampling of 15% of the total number of children and adolescents under 15 years of age, assisted at the Health Center from 10/01/2020 to 3/31/2021. Variables: children: sex, age, perinatal history, growth and neurological development, health checkups, vaccines, school attendance, extracurricular activities. Parents: age, education, psychoactive substance use, pathological background, job, prison. Family and household: parent`s marital status, domestic violence history, cohabitants, housing characteristics, basic household services, government aids, community interventions. Data source: medical records and telephone conversations. Data was recorded on template charts. We used results in absolute and relative frequencies, and their measures of central tendency measures and their range, Chi-square test or Fisher´s exact test. Significance level 0,05. Epi Info Program, version 7.2. Informed parent and adolescent consent. Approved by the CHPR Ethics Committee. Results: out of the 2826 patients under 15 years of age assisted at the clinic, we included 426 (15%), but only 263 (62%) were analyzed, since we were not able to reach 163 (38%) by phone. 52% were female. The average age was 4 years of age (5 days-14 years old). 69% of children were under 5 years old. 83% of patients had adequate number of checkups and 91% had an updated vaccination chart. 12% were overweight/obese. Neurodevelopment was adequate in 93% of those under 5 years of age, and 56% of those over 5 years of age. Regarding those with neurodevelopmental difficulties and over 5 years of age, 46% had learning disabilities, 39% had behavioral disorders, 32% language disorders, 10% intellectual deficit. 56% attended school, all of them public schools. For those who did not attend school, 4 of them were old enough to attend mandatory school (6, 7, 9 and 10 years of age). 20% of the children and adolescents had failed at least one year in school or high school. Perinatal findings: 14% of mothers had substance use during pregnancy, mainly tobacco and cocaine base paste. 85% of them had been born to term, 10% had neonatal depression 15% of children/adolescents had been exposed to domestic violence and 32% of them (12/38) had one parent with psychoactive drug use at home. 21% of children/adolescents exposed to domestic violence had a learning disability. 8% had at least one parent who did not finish primary school and 28% who did not finish middle school. Statistically, a significant link was found between psychoactive substance use, declared by one or both parents, and domestic violence. No statistically significant link was found between neurodevelopmental difficulties and domestic violence. Conclusions: these findings show a socially and economically vulnerable population, parents with little formal education, higher cocaine paste base use during pregnancy than the national statistics and 15% of children/adolescents exposed to domestic violence, even though they a high number of them had received their health checkups. The biggest strength shown by this study is the importance of maintaining a good bond with these families, who showed a high level of commitment with the health center. This leads us to prioritize health prevention and promotion as a valuable tool to achieve health quality standards for these children and adolescents. New studies, using other methodologies, will be necessary to analyze this data.

Introdução: cerca de 30% das doenças infantis são causadas por questões sociais, ambientais e familiares, bem como por condições de vida, dinâmica familiar e exposição a substâncias tóxicas. Compreender as características da população pediátrica atendida neste Centro de Saúde, nos ajudará a identificar fatores de risco à saúde. Objetivos: Descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas da população menor de 15 anos de idade atendida no Centro de Saúde Badano Repetto no período 2020-2021. Compreender diferentes variáveis que podem influenciar a saúde dessa população. Identificar uma relação entre as variáveis familiares e socioculturais e o desenvolvimento em diferentes idades. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, transversal. Foi incluída uma amostra por conveniência de 15% de todas as crianças e adolescentes menores de 15 anos atendidos no Centro de Saúde entre 01/10/2020 e 31/03/2021. Variáveis estudadas: da criança: sexo, idade, história perinatal, crescimento e desenvolvimento, controles de saúde, imunizações, escolaridade, atividades extracurriculares. Dos pais: idade, escolaridade, consumo de substâncias psicoativas, histórico médico, emprego, privação de liberdade. Família e habitação: estado civil dos pais, história de violência doméstica, coabitantes, características da moradia, serviços básicos, transferências de ajuda de custo, intervenção das equipes no território. Fonte de dados: prontuários e enquetes telefônicas. Cadastro em planilha padrão. Os resultados são expressos em frequências absolutas e relativas e medidas de tendência central com sua amplidão. Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Nível de significância 0,05. Programa Epi Info™ versão 7.2. Consentimento informado por telefone pais e consentimento dos adolescentes. Aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do CHPR. Resultados: 2.826 crianças menores de 15 anos consultadas, 426 (15%) foram incluídas, mas 263 (62%) foram analisadas, pois 163 (38%) não puderam ser contatadas por telefone. 52% eram do sexo feminino. Idade média 4 anos (5 dias -14 anos), 69% ≤ 5 anos. 83% dos pacientes possuíam controles de saúde adequados e 91% estavam com suas imunizações em dia. 12% com sobrepeso/obesidade. O desenvolvimento neurológico foi adequado em 93% dos menores de 5 anos e em 56% dos maiores de 5 anos. No caso dos portadores de transtornos de neurodesenvolvimento com mais de 5 anos, 46% apresentavam transtorno de aprendizagem, 39% transtorno de conduta, 32% transtorno de linguagem, 10% déficit intelectual. 56% estavam na escola, todos em escolas públicas. No caso dos que não frequentaram a escola, 4 deles estavam em idade em idade escolar obrigatória (6, 7, 9 e 10 anos). 20% das crianças/adolescentes repetiram pelo menos um ano na escola ou no ensino médio. Dados perinatais: 14% das mães usavam drogas; pasta base de tabaco e maiormente pasta base de cocaína (PBC). 85% eram recém-nascidos a termo, 10% tinham depressão neonatal. 15% das crianças/adolescentes foram expostos à violência doméstica e 32% deles (12/38) tinham pelo menos um dos pais que usava drogas psicoativas em casa. 21% das crianças/adolescentes expostas à violência doméstica tinham dificuldade de aprendizagem. 8% desses pacientes possuíam pelo menos um dos pais com escola primária incompleta e 28% com ensino médio incompleto. Encontrou-se relação significativa entre o uso de drogas psicoativas, declarado por um ou ambos os pais, e a violência doméstica. Não foi encontrada relação significativa entre transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento e violência doméstica. Conclusões: esses achados mostram uma população social e economicamente vulnerável, pais com baixa escolaridade, uso de pasta base de cocaína durante a gravidez em porcentagem superior ao reportado a nível nacional, e 15% de crianças/adolescentes expostos à violência doméstica, mas com um alto número de controles de saúde. A maior fortaleza encontrada por este estudo é a importância de manter um bom vínculo com essas famílias, que demonstraram alto nível de comprometimento com o centro de saúde. Isso nos leva a priorizar a prevenção e promoção da saúde como ferramentas valiosas para a aquisição de saúde de qualidade para essas crianças/adolescentes. Novos estudos, com outras metodologias, serão necessários para poder analisar essas variáveis encontradas.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Bystander CPR for Witnessed Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND: Differences in the incidence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provided by bystanders contribute to survival disparities among persons with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. It is critical to understand whether the incidence of bystander CPR in witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests at home and in public settings differs according to the race or ethnic group of the person with cardiac arrest in order to inform interventions. METHODS: Within a large U.S. registry, we identified 110,054 witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests during the period from 2013 through 2019. We used a hierarchical logistic regression model to analyze the incidence of bystander CPR in Black or Hispanic persons as compared with White persons with witnessed cardiac arrests at home and in public locations. We analyzed the overall incidence as well as the incidence according to neighborhood racial or ethnic makeup and income strata. Neighborhoods were classified as predominantly White (>80% of residents), majority Black or Hispanic (>50% of residents), or integrated, and as high income (an annual median household income of >$80,000), middle income ($40,000-$80,000), or low income (<$40,000). RESULTS: Overall, 35,469 of the witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (32.2%) occurred in Black or Hispanic persons. Black and Hispanic persons were less likely to receive bystander CPR at home (38.5%) than White persons (47.4%) (adjusted odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 0.76) and less likely to receive bystander CPR in public locations than White persons (45.6% vs. 60.0%) (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.66). The incidence of bystander CPR among Black and Hispanic persons was less than that among White persons not only in predominantly White neighborhoods at home (adjusted odds ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.90) and in public locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.75) but also in majority Black or Hispanic neighborhoods at home (adjusted odds ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.83) and in public locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.68) and in integrated neighborhoods at home (adjusted odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.81) and in public locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.77). Similarly, across all neighborhood income strata, the frequency of bystander CPR at home and in public locations was lower among Black and Hispanic persons with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest than among White persons. CONCLUSIONS: In witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Black and Hispanic persons were less likely than White persons to receive potentially lifesaving bystander CPR at home and in public locations, regardless of the racial or ethnic makeup or income level of the neighborhood where the cardiac arrest occurred. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.).